????? ?????? ?????-??-????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????

?????? ??????? ???????

????? ????????? ???, ????????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????: ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???, ???????? ??????? ??, ????? ?????? ???????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?????????, ????????????? ??????? ing ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ing ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????

????????????? ??????? ing ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????: ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???; ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???, ?? our ???? ???? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????; ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ing ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ing ???? ????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???; ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? poured ??? ?????? ???? ??; ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??; ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????; ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ing ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???; ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???

“????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????

1? ??????? ????????

?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?'? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? 42.5 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? 500 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????

2? ???????? ????????

??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?'? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? 0.1667 ??? 0.125 ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? 0.25 ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? 40 ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? 9/20 ??? 1/2 ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? 1/2 ???? 3/5 ?? ????? ????? ?????

3? ??????????? ????? ????

????????? ??????????? ???????? ????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ???-?????? ??? ???-????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? -???????? ???? ????

????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? into ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????, ing ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???

“?????? ???????? ????????????? ing ????

????????? ????? ound ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? poured ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1.0 ??????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ound ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????

?? = π/4 （?? 2 ??? 1+???? 2 ??? 2）

?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ing ???? ?????, ?? 3;

????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? 1 ??????????? ??????:

??? 1 = （???-??? 2） γW /γC, ??;

??? ?'? ??????? ??????, ??;

??? 2 ?'? ???????? ??????? ing ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?? 1.3 ～ 1.8 ??;

γW ?'? ???? ?????, ?? 11 ～ 12kn/M3;

γC ?'? ??????? ?????, ?? 23 ～ 24kn/M3;

?? ?'? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??;

?? ?'? ???? ???? ?????, ??;

?? ?'? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ?? = 1.1 ～ 1.3?

???????? ing ??? ????? ?????-??-????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ing ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ing ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ing ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????

“??? ?????????? .???

??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? poured ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????-????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? poured ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? poured ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ward ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ing ???? ???? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? poured ??? ?????? ???, ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??? comp ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????; ???? ???? ing ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????

???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ing ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ing ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???; ing ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????, ing ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???, ???????

??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? of ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ???; ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ing ???? ????? ??? ?????????

??????? ??????? ing ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? retarder ????? ??? ???? ?????

“?????? ?????? ?????????? ????

???? ??????? ing ??? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ???; ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ope ???? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????

????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???; ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? 2 ???? 6 ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? 3 ???? 8 ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? Ing ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????

“???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????

?????? ??? ?????? ???, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ??????? ing ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ing ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???, ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????, ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????, ????????? ????, ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ing ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???, 30 ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? poured ??? ?????? ?????

“???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????

?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ing ???? ????, ??? ing ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????, ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? over ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? pour ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????-??-????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ge ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? "???? ???" ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????

???? ??????? ing ???? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? 1.15 ??? 1.25 ?? ????? ????? ????, ????? ?????????? ≤8%????? ????, ??? ????????? ≤28s ????? ????; ?????? ???? ???? ????? ing ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ing ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????????????? ???? ???; ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? 0.6-0.9 ??????? ??????? ????; ing ???? ???, ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 0 3 ～ 0.5 ????? ?????????? ??? ????? 600 ??? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????; ??????? ing ???? ???, 1: 1.5 ??????? ?????? ?? 0.1 ～ 0.2M3 ?????? ??????? ????? .??? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? poured ??? ?????? ?????

In addition, during the pouring process, when the concrete in the conduit is not full and air enters, the subsequent concrete should be slowly injected into the funnel and conduit through the chute. ?????? ???? ????-??? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? .??? ?????? ???? ???? Ing ???? ?????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ing ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ing ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????

"?????? ?????? ??? ??????

1? ?????? ???? ??? ??

???? ??????? ing ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????-??-????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?'? ??? ??????? ing ???? ????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ????????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????

1) ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????

2) ????????? ????? serted ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????

3) ??????? ????????? ???? ???, ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????-??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????

??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????

1) ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????

2) ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 300 ???? ???? 500 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????

3) ????????? ????? serted ????? ?????? ?????? 2.0 ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????

4) ing ???? ???? our ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (????) ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????

??? ?? (????) ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????

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?) ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? 1 ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? poured ??? ????????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? poured ??? ??????? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? our ???? ??????? ?????? ?????

2? ???? ??????

Ing ???? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????

1) ??? ????????? poured ??? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??? our ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?'?: ?? ?????? (??) ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??; ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??; ????????? ??????? ??? ???, ??????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? (??) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????

2) ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ??? ???????? pour ???? ????? ???????? ?'?: ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? serted ????? ???, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????; ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????; ing ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????, ????????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ified ? ????

??????? ???? ???????????, ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???, ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????

??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????: ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? (????? ????), ?????????, ??? ???? ???? (?????? ??? ????? ????) ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ld ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ing ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????

3? ?????? ????

Pour ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? pour ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ing ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ly ????? ld ???? ??? ??? ??, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ing ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ???????????? ??????

???????????? ????????: ??? ???? ??????? ing ???? ????, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ??? 2 ????? ~ 6 ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ing ???? ????, ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ing ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? firm ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ld ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ly ????? ????? ??? ?????

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4 .. ????????? ing ????

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