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1. ??????? ??????

??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??. ??????? ????, ????????? ???????? ??? ? and ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? 42.5 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 500 ??????????? ??? ? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????.

2. ????? ??????

??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??. ???????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?? 0.1667 ??? 0.125 ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? 0.25 ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? 40 ?????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? 9/20 ??? 1/2 ?? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???????? 1/2 ??? 3/5 ?? ????? ???? ????.

3. ?????????????? ??????

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???????, ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???, ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???. ??????? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???.

“????? ??????? ????????? ???????

?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? depth ???? 1.0 ?? ???? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ???????? ? column ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???. ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????.

?? = π/4 （?? 2 ?? 1+???? 2 ?? 2）

????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??, ?? 3;

?? 1 ? ?????? ???????? ? column ?? ???? ????? height ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??:

?? 1 = （??-?? 2） γW /γC, M;

?? ? ???????? depth ???? ??, ??;

?? 2 ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? height ???? ??, ?? 1.3 ～ 1.8m ??;

γW ? ?????? ???? ??, ?? 11 ～ 12 ????/?? 3 ??;

γC ? ???????? ???? ??, ?? 23 ～ 24KN/M3 ??;

?? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??, ??;

?? ? ????? ????? ????? ??, ??;

?? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??, ?? ?? = 1.1 ～ 1.3 ??.

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“??? ???????? ??????

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“????? ?????????? ????? depth ?????? ????????? ???

?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? depth ???? ????? ???, ?? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???; ?????? .????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??, ?? ????? ope ?? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?????????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? depth ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??.

????? ?????????? ????? depth ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????????? ????? depth ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? iles ???? ??? ??. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??; ?????? ?????????? ????? depth ???? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??, ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????? depth ???? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??. ????, ????? ?????????? ????? depth ???? ??????? ???? 2 ?? 6 ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??, ??? ????-????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ???? 3 ?? 8 ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? elev ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????.

“????? ???? ????? ????????? ???

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“??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???

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?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ?? iles ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??. ??? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? 1.15 ??? 1.25 ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ≤8%???? ????, ??? ????????? ≤28 ???? ????; ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??; ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ???????? 0.6-0.9 ????? ???? ???????? ????; ????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? 0. 3 ～ 0.5 ?? ?? ????????? ????? ????. 600 ???? ??? ????????? ????????? iles ??? ????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??; ???????? ????? ?????, 1: 1.5 ??????? ????????? 0.1 ～ 0.2m3 ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????.

? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??, ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ????-???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? and ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??. ??????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? height ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.

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1. ???? ??? ??????? ????

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????-??-??????? iles ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??. ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ??, ???????? ???????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??????????? ???? ??, ?????? ????? ??? ??. ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??.

1) ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???.

2) ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? depth ???? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

)) ????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ????-???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ??, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??.

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??.

1) ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? to ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

2) ??????? ??????? 300 ?????? 500 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????.

)) ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? depth ???? 2.0 ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ????.

)) ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? (??????) ?? ????? ???. ?????? height ???? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? height ???? ????? ???.

?? ??????? ??????? ???? (????) ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??, ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? .??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????.

1) ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ????? ?????????? depth ???? 0.5 ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??. ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????; ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????.

2) ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? and ?? ???? ??? ???? 1 ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? dra ?? ????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ????, ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???, ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????.

2. ???? ???????

??????? ????????? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??.

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2) ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??. ????? ??: ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? .????? ???????? ??? ??; ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??, ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ????????? ???? ??, ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??; ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ???????? ?? er ??? ??, ????????? ??? ??, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??.

??????? ?? ?????????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??.

?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??: ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??, ?? ?? ???????? (???? ?????), ????????? ??? ???????? (????? ??? ????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??. ???? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???, ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? mant ? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????.

3. ?????????? ???? ????

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?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ??? ? ????-? n ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???, ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??.

4. ?????? ?????

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??. ???? ? ?? ??: ????? ????? ??? ???, ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??.

????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??.

1) ??????? ?? mouth ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? mouth ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??.

2) ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??.

)) ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1.1 ??? 1.15 ?? ????? ????????? ???, ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? 500 ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 1.25 ???? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ≤8%, ??? ?????????? ≤28s.

?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??. ?? ????? ??? ???????? ? ???, ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??; ?? ?? ??????????? ??, ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? 50 ??.??. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? drain ??, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??.

5. ?????? iles ???

??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??. ? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ile ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? iles ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??. ?????? iles ???? ????, ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????.

???????? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? iles ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??.

1) ????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? .? ????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? whose ??? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????.

2) ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?? and ??? ??? ????? ???, ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 10 ??.??.?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??. ???????? ???????? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??.

)) ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??, ??? iles ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??.

)) ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??, ??? ??? out ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??. ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??.