?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????

???? ????????? ????????

?????? ????????? ???? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????: ????????? ??????????, ???????, ???? ?????, ????? ??????, ????????? ???? ??? ?????, ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????, ?? ??????????, ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.

??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????: ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????, ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????; ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?, ?? ??? ??? iction ????? ???? ??? ???, ??????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???, ?????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???. ???? ??? ??? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???. ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???; ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? the ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????.

"?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????

1. ???????? ?????

??????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??. ?????? ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 42.5 ? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? cub ? ??????? ?????????? 500 ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

2. ????? ?????

???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?. ???? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? 0.1667 ?? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? 0.125 ???, 0.25 ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ????????? 40 ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? 9/20 ?? 1/2 ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? 1/2 ?? 3/5 ?? ??? ??? ?????.

3. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????

?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????, ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?????????, ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? - ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ??. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? (?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.

"???? ?????? ???????

?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 1.0 ? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? 1.0 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

V = π / 4 (D 2H1 + kd 2h2)

????? V ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????, M3;

H1 ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????:

H1 = (H-H2) γW / γc, m;

h ??? ?????? ?????, ???;

H2 ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????.

γW ??? ?? ity ?????, ?? 11 ~ 12kn / m3;

c ??? ?????????? ity ????? ?? ??? ?? 23 ~ 24kn / m3;

D ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???;

D ??? ?????? ???? ?????????, m;

k ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? k = 1.1 ~ 1.3 ??.

?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???, ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ? ????, ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? .????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.

"??? ????? ??? ?????

?????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ense ?, ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?. ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ??? ??? ???, ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??. ??? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????. ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??.

??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???; ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????. ?????.

???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??; ???? ?????????, ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??.

?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????.

"?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????

??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??, ??? ity ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??; ?? ???????, ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?????; ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???, ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? 2 ?? 6 ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? 3 ??? 8 ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????.

"???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????

????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???, ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? thage ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? iction ????? ??? ????. ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ?? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??. ???????, ????????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? 30 ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????.

"????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????

??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ere ??? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??? thick ? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ???? thick ? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? "?? ?????" ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????.

??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??. ????????? ????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? dens ????? 1.15 ?? 1.25 ?? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????????? ≤8% ?? ??? ???? ???, ???????????? ≤28s ??? ?????; ?????? ????? ??? ????????? thickness ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????? 0.6-0.9MPA ??? ??? ??? ?????; ??? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? 0 ??? 0 ~ 0.5 ??. 600 ? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????; ?????????? ??? ?????? ???, 1: 1.1 0.1 ~ 0.2M3: 1.5 ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????.

?? ?????, ????????? ?????????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ???, ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????, ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????.

"???? ????? ?? ???????

1. ????? ??? ?? ?? ???

?? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??. ?????? ????????? ???, ?????????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?.

1) ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.

2) ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??.

3) ???? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????.

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??.

1) ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

2) ???? ???? 300 mm ??? 300 ????? ????? ?????? ????????? 300 mm ??? ???????? 500 ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????.

3) ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 2.0 ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????.

4) ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? (?????????) ?????? ????. ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????.

??? (??) ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.

1) ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???, ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? 0.5 ? ??? ??? ???, ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????.

2. ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????.

2. ?????? ????? ?????

??? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

1) ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????: ?? ?????? (????) ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ???, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????; ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? (????) ?? ????? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????.

2) ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????: ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????. ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ?, ????? ?????? ??????; ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?????????? en ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??, ??????? ?? solid ?? ?? ??.

??? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ???????? (??? ????? ???), ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? (??? ?? ??? ????? ?????) ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ???, ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

3. ?????? ??????

??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???.

?????????? ?????: ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???????????, ?? ????? 2 ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ??? ????????, ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???, ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???, ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ?????? alty ?? ???????? ???, ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???, ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??.

4. ????????? ??? ?????

????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???? ?????. ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ing ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????.

?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??.

1) ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

2) ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? thickness ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????.

3) ???? ?? 1.1 ?? 1.15 ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????.

???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??, ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????; ?? ???? ???? ???? ???, ?????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? 50 ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????.

5. ?????? ??????

??????? ???????? ????????? ????? results ? ??. ?? ?????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??. ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????, ??????? ????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.

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